Europeans should take Donald Trump’s threats to withdraw from NATO seriously. At the same time, they cannot agree to NATO being transformed into an alliance that supports wars of aggression. Furthermore, despite its own efforts, Europe will continue to depend on the United States in the coming years—particularly in the area of nuclear deterrence.
With regard to a possible military engagement by European states in the Strait of Hormuz, a mission—such as mine clearance—seems conceivable only on the condition of a stable and lasting ceasefire and a clear mandate. Active participation in combat operations in line with U.S. plans, however, would not be in Europe’s interest.