The Moon is once again moving to the center of international spaceflight ambitions – as a scientific testbed, a potential source of raw materials, and a testing environment for future missions to Mars. Europe, too, does not seek merely to take part, but to actively shape this renewed lunar focus: through robotic precursor missions, complex infrastructure concepts, and, in the longer term, its own astronaut presence. This session examines the strategic, technological, and political dimensions of Europe’s lunar ambitions.